Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate (Levophed) is a direct alpha-adrenergic receptors stimulator.

β1-adrenoceptor:5.37 μM(EC50)

Noradrenaline 通过调节感知区域诱发活动的增益，特别是在感觉区域。除了强调其短期影响的数据外，Noradrenaline 还促进长期突触可塑性。Noradrenaline 传递“对环境中产生强烈违反顶层预期的感官信息的粗略变化”的信号，并通过增强“自下而上”的信息处理，降低与相关“自上而下”的预期。[1] Noradrenaline 调节动力和能量，并对包括学习、记忆、睡眠、唤醒和适应在内的特定过程进行精细调节。Noradrenaline 系统密切涉及一系列心理过程。这些过程一旦受到干扰，就可能导致可归类的精神疾病的表现。Noradrenaline 似乎涉及包括警觉性、认知、学习和睡眠调节在内的一系列心理过程，并且还在调节应对可能引发或加剧抑郁症状的压力反应中发挥作用。Noradrenaline 在这条路径上的缺陷可能会降低注意力，影响工作记忆，导致精神运动迟缓，从而产生冷漠和抑郁，而这一途径Noradrenaline 的增加有望缓解注意力不集中、冷漠和抑郁。[2] Noradrenaline 的效应复杂，取决于实验条件（延髓和骨髓制备）和物种（大鼠或小鼠）。外源性Noradrenaline 主要是促进或主要抑制新生RRG，具有α1促进效应和α2抑制效应的混合体。[3]

Norepinephrine (NE)is dissolved in DMSO and stored, and then diluted with appropriate media before use[2]. Subcutaneous preadipocytes derived from a 38-year old non-diabetic female donor are immortalized with TERT and HPV E6/E7. For the current studies, a stable diploid clone (referred to as clone B) with consistent differentiation capacity is isolated by ring cloning. Cells are grown in preadipocyte PGM2 media. Once cells are confluent, differentiation is induced by incubation in differentiation media consisting of dexamethasone, IBMX, indomethacin, and additional insulin. Cells are differentiated for 10 days. Prior to treatment, media is replaced with PGM2 media for one day and then switched to serum-free media overnight for treatments. Adipocytes are treated for 6 hours with vehicle, Norepinephrine (NE, 10 μM), CGP (10 nM), or Norepinephrine (NE) and CGP[2].